Brain Wikipedia. Not to be confused with Brane. The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrates body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 1. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells. Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways. This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, that are covered in the human brain article. Anatomy. Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat, stained in two different ways at the same time one stain shows neuron cell bodies, the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitter. GABA. The shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species 5 others distinguish advanced brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates. The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. Eagles Live Flac. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another. Cellular structure. Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons. When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity. The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells neurons and glial cells. Glial cells also known as glia or neuroglia come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Parts Computer Their Functions Pdf' title='Parts Computer Their Functions Pdf' />8 EN Basic guide Names of parts and functions Camera 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 b 9 a 0 4 8 f c d e g h 1 Mode dial. P. 6, 10 2 Shutter button. P. 11, 12, 46. Visual Models of Plants Interacting with Their Environment Radomir Mech and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz Department of Computer Science University of Calgary. Parts Computer Their Functions Pdf' title='Parts Computer Their Functions Pdf' />Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary for example, if a pyramidal cell, an excitatory neuron of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 11. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 1. Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell. Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell to cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 1. The functions of these synapses are very diverse some are excitatory exciting the target cell others are inhibitory others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity dependent modification of synapses is the brains primary mechanism for learning and memory. Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. There are also unmyelinated axons. Myelin is white, making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light colored white matter, in contrast to the darker colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies. Evolution. Generic bilaterian nervous system. Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a brain at the front. Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges which have no nervous system1. All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 4.